Warming trends increasingly dominate global ocean (2024)

References

  1. IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).

  2. Cazenave, A. et al. Global sea-level budget 1993–present. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10, 1551–1590 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

  3. Meyssignac, B. et al. Measuring global ocean heat content to estimate the Earth energy imbalance. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 432 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

  4. Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M. & Loeb, N. G. Improving estimates of Earth’s energy imbalance. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 639–640 (2016).

    Article Google Scholar

  5. Roemmich, D. et al. Unabated planetary warming and its ocean structure since 2006. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 240–245 (2015).

    Article Google Scholar

  6. Wijffels, S., Roemmich, D., Monselesan, D., Church, J. & Gilson, J. Ocean temperatures chronicle the ongoing warming of Earth. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 116–118 (2016).

    Article Google Scholar

  7. Abraham, J. P. et al. A review of global ocean temperature observations: implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change. Rev. Geophys. 51, 450–483 (2013).

    Article Google Scholar

  8. Lyman, J. M. & Johnson, G. C. Estimating global ocean heat content changes in the upper 1800 m since 1950 and the influence of climatology choice. J. Clim. 27, 1945–1957 (2014).

    Article Google Scholar

  9. Roemmich, D. et al. On the future of Argo: a global, full-depth, multi-disciplinary array. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 439 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

  10. Johnson, G. C. & Birnbaum, A. N. As El Niño builds, Pacific Warm Pool expands, ocean gains more heat. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 438–445 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

  11. Roemmich, D. & Gilson, J. The global ocean imprint of ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L13606 (2011).

    Article Google Scholar

  12. Palanisamy, H., Meyssignac, B., Cazenave, A. & Delcroix, T. Is anthropogenic sea level fingerprint already detectable in the Pacific Ocean? Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 084024 (2015).

    Article Google Scholar

  13. Wills, R. C. J. et al. Ocean circulation signatures of North Pacific decadal variability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 1690–1701 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

  14. Kenigson, J. S., Han, W. Q., Rajagopalan, B., Yanto & Jasinsk, M. Decadal shift of NAO-linked interannual sea level variability along the US northeast coast. J. Clim. 31, 4981–4989 (2018).

  15. Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., Sutton, P. & Zilberman, N. Multidecadal change of the South Pacific Gyre circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 46, 1871–1883 (2016).

    Article Google Scholar

  16. Carson, M. & Harrison, D. E. Regional interdecadal variability in bias-corrected ocean temperature data. J. Clim. 23, 2847–2855 (2010).

    Article Google Scholar

  17. Richter, K. & Marzeion, B. Earliest local emergence of forced dynamic and steric sea-level trends in climate models. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 114009 (2014).

    Article Google Scholar

  18. Blunden, J. & Arndt, D. S. State of the climate in 2018. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 100, Si–S305 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

  19. Johnson, G. C. et al. in State of the Climate in 2019 (Ed. Lumpkin, R.) S74–S77 (American Meteorological Society, 2019).

  20. Ishii, M. et al. Accuracy of global upper ocean heat content estimation expected from present observational data sets. Sola 13, 163–167 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

  21. Cheng, L. J. et al. Improved estimates of ocean heat content from 1960 to 2015. Sci. Adv. 3, e1601545 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

  22. Levitus, S. et al. World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0-2000 m), 1955-2010. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L10603 (2012).

    Article Google Scholar

  23. Wu, L. X. et al. Enhanced warming over the global subtropical western boundary currents. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 161–166 (2012).

    Article CAS Google Scholar

  24. McCarthy, G. D., Joyce, T. M. & Josey, S. A. Gulf Stream variability in the context of quasi-decadal and multidecadal Atlantic climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 11257–11264 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

  25. Wang, Y. L. & Wu, C. R. Discordant multi-decadal trend in the intensity of the Kuroshio along its path during 1993-2013. Sci. Rep. 8, 14633 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

  26. Chen, X. Y. & Tung, K. K. Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration. Science 345, 897–903 (2014).

    Article CAS Google Scholar

  27. Liu, W., Xie, S. P. & Lu, J. Tracking ocean heat uptake during the surface warming hiatus. Nat. Commun. 7, 10926 (2016).

    Article CAS Google Scholar

  28. He, C. F., Liu, Z. Y. & Hu, A. X. The transient response of atmospheric and oceanic heat transports to anthropogenic warming. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 222–226 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

  29. Armour, K. C., Marshall, J., Scott, J. R., Donohoe, A. & Newsom, E. R. Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport. Nat. Geosci. 9, 549 (2016).

    Article CAS Google Scholar

  30. Mantua, N. J., Hare, S. R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M. & Francis, R. C. A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78, 1069–1079 (1997).

    Article Google Scholar

  31. Salinger, M. J., Renwick, J. A. & Mullan, A. B. Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and South Pacific climate. Int. J. Climatol. 21, 1705–1721 (2001).

    Article Google Scholar

  32. Merrifield, M. A. & Maltrud, M. E. Regional sea level trends due to a Pacific trade wind intensification. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L21605 (2011).

    Article Google Scholar

  33. Hamlington, B. D. et al. An ongoing shift in Pacific Ocean sea level. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 121, 5084–5097 (2016).

    Article Google Scholar

  34. Roxy, M. K., Ritika, K., Terray, P. & Masson, S. The curious case of Indian Ocean warming. J. Clim. 27, 8501–8509 (2014).

    Article Google Scholar

  35. Caesar, L., Rahmstorf, S., Robinson, A., Feulner, G. & Saba, V. Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation. Nature 556, 191 (2018).

    Article CAS Google Scholar

  36. Smeed, D. A. et al. The North Atlantic Ocean Is in a state of reduced overturning. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 1527–1533 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

  37. Josey, S. A. et al. The recent Atlantic cold anomaly: causes, consequences, and related phenomena. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 10, 475–501 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

  38. Durack, P. J. et al. Quantifying underestimates of long-term upper-ocean warming. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 999–1005 (2014).

    Article Google Scholar

  39. Durack, P. J. et al. Ocean warming: from the surface to the deep in observations and models. Oceanography 31, 41–51 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

  40. Ingleby, B. & Huddleston, M. Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles—historical and real-time data. J. Mar. Syst. 65, 158–175 (2007).

    Article Google Scholar

  41. Locarnini, R. A. et al. World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 1: Temperature (US Government Printing Office, 2010).

  42. Ishii, M. & Kimoto, M. Reevaluation of historical ocean heat content variations with time-varying XBT and MBT depth bias corrections. J. Oceanogr. 65, 287–299 (2009).

    Article Google Scholar

  43. Smith, W. H. F. & Sandwell, D. T. Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science 277, 1956–1962 (1997).

    Article CAS Google Scholar

  44. Wunsch, C. The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996).

  45. von Storch, H. & Zwiers, F. W. Statistical Analysis in Climate Research (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999).

Download references

Warming trends increasingly dominate global ocean (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Neely Ledner

Last Updated:

Views: 5589

Rating: 4.1 / 5 (62 voted)

Reviews: 85% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Neely Ledner

Birthday: 1998-06-09

Address: 443 Barrows Terrace, New Jodyberg, CO 57462-5329

Phone: +2433516856029

Job: Central Legal Facilitator

Hobby: Backpacking, Jogging, Magic, Driving, Macrame, Embroidery, Foraging

Introduction: My name is Neely Ledner, I am a bright, determined, beautiful, adventurous, adventurous, spotless, calm person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.